Justification
This species occupies a very small range, currently occurring at perhaps fewer than 10 locations, and is inferred to have a small population. Both are undergoing continuing declines owing to increasing conversion of natural forests to palm plantations, qualifying it as Vulnerable.

Threats
Habitat clearance and degradation are the primary threats, with native forest on small islands being replaced by palm plantations across much of its range. The species's large size and unwary disposition render it vulnerable to hunting whenever it comes into contact with human populations˜birds are taken for food, pets and trade. Introduced mammalian and reptilian predators may cause birds to abandon some islands.

Conservation
There are recent records from two protected areas: Baguan Island within the Turtle Islands Marine Natural Park ( Philippines ), and the Tungku Abdul Rahman National Park (off Sabah ). The Karakelang Hunting Reserve ( Talaud islands ) may also offer some protection, but requires evaluation to define boundaries and management needs.

Targets
*Conduct comprehensive surveys of islands in the species's known range to clarify its current status, movements and ecological preferences. *Assess the potential importance of the extensive mangroves along the east Kalimantan/Sabah coast through further surveys. *Propose sites/islands supporting key populations for establishment as strict protected areas, as appropriate (e.g. Ursula). *Devise and initiate conservation awareness campaigns to control hunting and curb deforestation on key islands.